Role of Tinospora cordifolia in metabolic health disorders: An updated review
Abstract
The use of various herbal drugs in India has been widely developed in recent years. Guduchi (Tinospora cordifolia) belonging to family Menispermaceae has a tremendous amount of bioactive principles in exploring nutraceuticals from natural source. T. cordifolia is considered as an important herbal drug of traditional system of Indian Medicines. The herb is also well known for its therapeutic efficacy in treatment of various diseases viz. dyspepsia, diabetes, fever, urinary problems, jaundice, chronic diarrhoea, cardiac disease, dysentry, helmenthiasis, skin diseases, leprosy, thyroidand various metabolic diseases. Present review highlights the antidiabetic, hypolipidemic activity of Guduchi and their validation through existing literature, experimental studies. The plant is reported to have various alkaloids, glycosides, steroids and terpenoids. The current study is undertaken to explore and review its role on metabolic disorders.
Keywords:
Tinospora cordifolia, Guduchi, metabolic disorder, antidiabetic, hypolididemic
References
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2. Sharma R, Prajapati PK. Rising risk of type 2 diabetes among inhabitants of Jamnagar, Gujarat: A cross-sectional survey. Ayu. 2015; 36:10-7.
3. Sharma V, Sharma R, Gautam DS, Kuca K, Nepovimova E, Martins N. Role of Vacha (Acoruscalamus Linn.) in neurological and metabolic disorders: Evidence from Ethnopharmacology, Phytochemistry, Pharmacology and Clinical Study. J Clin Med. 2020; 9(4):1176.
4. William C. Lloyd III, Healthgrades Editorial Staff. Matabolic Disorder.MD, FACS [Internet]. 2010 Nov 10 [cited 2021 Jan 24]. Available from:
https://www.healthgrades.com/right-care/endocrinology-and-metabolism/metabolic-disorders
5. Kumar VMD, Khanna P, Karoli R, Mahdi F. A review of antioxidant enzymes, oxidative stress, lipid profile and lipoprotein constituent in the patients of coronary artery disease (CAD) with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Int J Bioassay. 2015; 4 (10): 4443-7.
6. Whiting DR, Guariguata L, Weil C, Shaw J. IDF Diabetes Atlas: Global estimates of the prevalence of diabetes for 2011 and 2030. Diabetes Res ClinPract. 2011; 94: 311-21.
7. Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research. [Internet]. 1998-2021 [cited 2021 Jan 24]. Available from:
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/metabolic-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20351916
8. Sharma R, Prajapati PK. Diet and lifestyle guidelines for diabetes: Evidence based ayurvedic perspective. Romanian Journal of Diabetes Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases. 2014;21(4):335-46.
9. Sharma R, Prajapati PK. Predictive, Preventive and Personalized Medicine: Leads From Ayurvedic Concept of Prakriti (Human Constitution). CurrPharmacol Rep. 2020; 6:441-450.
10. Sharma R, Garg N, Verma D, Rathi P, Sharma V, Kuca K, Prajapati PK et al. Indian medicinal plants as drug leads in neurodegenerative disorders. In Nutraceuticals in Brain Health and Beyond. Academic Press. p. 31-45.
https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-820593-8.00004-5.
11. Kotthahil Ayurveda [Internet]. 2021; Hospital.com [cited 2021 Jan 26]. Available from:
https://www.kottathilayurveda.com/specialities/general-clinic/metabolic-disorders/
12. Sharma R, Kabra A, Rao MM, Prajapati PK. Herbal and Holistic solutions for Neurodegenerative and Depressive disorders: Leads from Ayurveda. Curr. Pharm. Des. 2018; 27(3): 2597-2608.
13. Sharma R, Kuca K, Nepovimova E, Kabra A, Rao MM, Prajapati PK. Traditional Ayurvedic and herbal remedies for Alzheimer's disease from bench to bedside. Expert Rev. Neurother. 2019; 19:359-374.
14. Sharma R, Martins N. Telomeres, DNA damage and ageing: potential leads from AyurvedicRasayana (anti-ageing) drugs. J Clin Med. 2020; 9(8):2544.
15. Acharya YT. Siddha Yoga Sangraha. Jwaradhikara. 13th ed. Nagpur: Baidyanath Ayurveda Bhavan Ltd; 2008. p. 459.
16. Acharya YT. Sushruta Samhita, Chikitsa Sthana. Reprint ed. Ch. 12, Verse 6. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Krishanadas Academy; 2004.p. 459.
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18. Chunekar KC, Pandey GS. Guduchyadi Varga. Bhavaprakash Nighantu. Varanasi: Chaukhamba Bharati Academy; 2006.p. 269.
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22. Sharma R., Hetal A., Prajapati PK. Antidiabetic claims of Tinospora Cordifolia (Willd.) Miers: critical appraisal and role in therapy. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine. 2015; 5(1): 68-78.
23. Sharma R, Amin H. Rasayana Therapy: Ayurvedic contribution to improve quality of life. World J. Pharmacol. Res. Tech. 2015; 4:23-33.
24. Sharma R, Martins N, Kuca K, Chaudhary A, Kabra A, Rao MM, Prajapati PK et al. Chyawanprash A Traditional Indian Bioactive Health Supplement. Biomolecules. 2019;13(6): 161.
25. Sharma R, Harisha CR, Galib R, Patgiri BJ, Prajapati PK. Quantitative estimation of Satva extracted from different stem sizes of Guduchi (Tinospora Cordifolia (Willd.) Miers. J Pharm SciInnov. 2012; 1(1):38-40.
26. Sharma R, Prajapati PK. Liquid media’s in BhavanaSamskara: A pharmaceutico-therapeutic prospect. J Phytopharm. 2015; 4:49-57.
27. Sharma R, Galib R, Prajapati PK. Validation of standard manufacturing procedure of Guduchi Ghana [dried aqueous extract of Tinospora Cordifolia (Willd.) Miers] and its tablets. Ayurpharm. Int J Ayurveda Allied Sci. 2013; 2:224-32.
28. Sharma R, Amin H, Galib, Prajapati PK. Validation of standard manufacturing procedure of Guducisattva (aqueous extract of Tinospora Cordifolia (Willd) Miers) and its tablets. AncSci Life. 2013; 33:27-34.
29. Sharma R, Hazra J, Prajapati PK. Nanophytomedicines: A Novel Approach to Improve Drug Delivery and Pharmacokinetics of Herbal Medicine. Bio Bull. 2017; 3(1):132-5.
30. Prajapat R, Sharma R, Prajapati PK. Physico-chemical evaluation of guduchyadikwatha for instant use: An ayurvedic herbal formulation. Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International. 2014; 2599-613.
31. Sharma R, Galib R, Prajapati PK. Antimicrobial evaluation of Svarasa Bhavita Guduchi Churna (levigated powder of Tinospora Cordifolia (Willd.) Miers with its juice). Ayurscientifica. 2017; 1(1):25-30.
32. Grover JK, Vats V, Rathi SS. Anti-hyperglycemic effect of Eugenia jambolana and Tinospora Cordifolia in experimental diabetes and their effects on key metabolic enzymes involved in carbohydrate metabolism. J Ethnopharmacol. 2000; 73(3):461-470.
33. Stanely P, Prince M, Menon VP. Hypoglycaemic and other related actions of Tinospora Cordifolia roots in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. J Ethnopharmacol. 2000; 70(1):9-15.
34. Rathi SS, Grover JK, Vikrant V, Biswas NR. Prevention of experimental diabetic cataract by Indian Ayurvedic plant extracts. Phytother Res. 2002; 16(8):774-777.
35. Sivakumar V., Dhana RM.S. Hypoglycemic and Antioxidant Activity of Tinospora Cordifolia in Experimental Diabetes. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research. 2011; 2(3):608-613.
36. Kinkar SB, Gopal PK. Antidibetic activity of Tinospora Cordifolia (Fam: Menispermaceae) in alloxen treated albino rat. Applied Research Journal. 2015;1(5):316-319.
37. Joladarashi D., Chilkunda ND, &Salimath PV. Glucose uptake stimulatory activity of Tinospora Cordifolia stem extracts in Ehrlich ascites tumor cell model system. Journal of Food Science and Technology. 2014; 51(1),178-182.
38. Prince PSM, Kamalakkannan N, Menon VP. Restoration of antioxidants by ethanolic Tinospora cordifolia in alloxan-induced diabetic Wistar rats. Acta Pol Pharm. 2004;61:283-287.
39. Dhulia I, Parcha V, Pant G, Kumar D, Maithani A. Antihyperglycemic effect of methanolic extract of Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) stem on experimentally induced diabetic rats. J Pharm Res. 2011; 4(8):2828- 2830.
40. Rajalakshmi M, Eliza J, EdelPC, Nirmala A, Daisy P. Anti-diabetic properties of Tinospora cordifolia stem extracts on streptozotocin- induced diabetic rats. African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 2009 May; 3(5):171-180.
41. Klangjareonchai T, Roongpisuthipong C. The Effect of Tinospora crispa on Serum Glucose and Insulin Levels in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology Volume 2012, Article ID 808762, 4 pages.
42. Patel MB, Mishra S. Hypoglycemic activity of alkaloidal fraction of Tinospora cordifolia. Phytomedicine. 2011;18:1045-1052.
43. Sangeetha MK, Balaji Raghavendran HR, Gayathri V, Vasanthi HR. Tinospora cordifolia attenuates oxidative stress and distorted carbohydrate metabolism in experimentally induced type 2 diabetes in rats. J Nat Med. 2011;65:544-550.
44. Sivakumar V, Mohamed SA. Hypoglycemic activity of Tinospora cordifolia in Alloxan induced diabetic rats. The Bioscan. 2009;4:75-78.
45. Reddy SS, Ramatholisamma P, Karuna R, Saralakumari D. Preventive effect of Tinosporacordifolia against high-fructose dietinduced insulin resistance and oxidative stress in male Wistar rats. Food ChemToxicol. 2009;47(9):2224-29.
46. Wadood N, Wadood A, Shah SA. Effect of Tinospora cordifolia on blood glucose and total lipid levels of normal and alloxan-diabetic rabbits. Planta Med. 1992;58(2):131-136.
47. Sengupta S, Mukherjee A, Goswami R, Basu S. Hypoglycemic activity of the antioxidant saponarin, characterized as alphaglucosidase inhibitor present in Tinospora cordifolia. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem. 2009;24:684-690.
48. Grover JK, Rathi SS, Vats V. Amelioration of experimental diabetic neuropathy and gastropathy in rats following oral administration of plants (Eugenia jambolana, Mucurnapruriens and Tinospora cordifolia) extracts. Indian J ExpBiol. 2002;40:273-276.
49. Grover JK, Vats V, Rathi SS, Dawar R. Traditional Indian anti-diabetic plants attenuate progression of renal damage in streptozotocin induced diabetic mice. J Ethnopharmacol. 2001;76:233-238.
50. Raghunathan K, Sharma PV. The aqueous extract of T. cordifolia caused reduction of blood sugar in alloxan induced hyperglycemic rats and rabbits. J Res Ind Med. 1969; 3:203-209.
51. Pingali U, Kishore KK, Fatima N, Chandrasekhar N, Sravanthi IV. Evaluation of Cardiovascular and Pharmacodynamic Effects of Single and Multiple Doses of Aqueous and HydroAlcoholic Extracts of Tinospora cordifolia in Healthy Human Male Subjects. American Journal of Phytomedicine and Clinical Therapeutics.
52. Salve Bharat A, Tripathi RK, Petare AU, Raut AK, Rege NN. Effect of Tinospora cordifolia on physical and cardiovascular performance induced by physical stress in healthy human volunteers. Ayu. 2015 Jul-Sep;36(3):265-70.
53. Rao PR, Kumar VK, Viswanath RK, Subbaraju GV. Cardioprotective activity of alcoholic extract of Tinospora cordifolia in ischemia reperfusion induced myocardial infarction in rats. Biol Pharm Bull. 2005;28:2319-2322.
54. Mandar, B.K., Khanal, P., Patil, B.M. et al. In silico analysis of phytoconstituents from Tinospora cordifolia with targets related to diabetes and obesity. In Silico Pharmacol. 2021;9:3
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40203-020-00063-w
55. Nagaraja PK, Kammar KF, Sheela DR. Efficacy of Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) extracts on blood lipid profile in streptozotocin diabetic rats. Is it beneficial to the heart? Biomed Res. 2008;19:92-96.
56. Sparshadeep EM, NayakRP, Kavana GV, RaiM. Evaluation of hypolipidemic effect of Tinospora cordifolia in cholesterol diet induced hyperlipidemia in rats. International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology. 2016 Aug; 5(4):1286-92.
57. Kumar V, Mahdi F, Singh R, Mahdi AA, Singh RK. A clinical trial to assess the antidiabetic, antidyslipidemic and antioxidant activities of Tinospora cordifolia in management of type - 2 diabetes mellitus. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research. 2016;7(2):757-64.
58. Shirolkar A, Yadav A, Mandal TK, Dabur R. Intervention of Ayurvedic drug Tinospora cordifolia attenuates the metabolic alterations in hypertriglyceridemia: a pilot clinical trial. Journal of Diabetes and metabolic disorders; 2020.
59. Tripathi N, Choudhary A. Magical effects of Tinospora cordifolia leaf powder supplementation on erythrocyte count and haemoglobin levels of anemic obese women. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research. 3(2):2585-89.
60. Sharma M, Murthy AR, Rath SK, Sharma U. Clinical study on Guduchi (Tinospora cordifolia willd.) And Mustak (Cyperus Rotunduslinn.) in sthoulyawith special reference to overweight. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Scientific Innovation. 2019; 8(6).
61. Noor H, Hammonds P, Sutton R, Ashcroft SJ. The hypoglycaemic and insulinotropic activity of Tinosporacrispa: studies with human and rat islets and HIT-T15 B cells. J Ethnopharmacol.1998 Aug;62(1):7-13.
62. Noor H, Ashcroft SJ. Pharmacological characterisation of the antihyperglycaemic properties of Tinospora crispa extract. J Ethnopharmacol. 1998;62(1):7-13.
63. Sharma R, Kumar V, Ashok BK, Galib R, Prajapati PK, Ravishankar B. Evaluation of hypoglycaemic and anti-hyperglycaemic activities of Guduchi Ghana in Swiss albino mice. Int J Green Pharm. 2013;7:145-8.
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2. Sharma R, Prajapati PK. Rising risk of type 2 diabetes among inhabitants of Jamnagar, Gujarat: A cross-sectional survey. Ayu. 2015; 36:10-7.
3. Sharma V, Sharma R, Gautam DS, Kuca K, Nepovimova E, Martins N. Role of Vacha (Acoruscalamus Linn.) in neurological and metabolic disorders: Evidence from Ethnopharmacology, Phytochemistry, Pharmacology and Clinical Study. J Clin Med. 2020; 9(4):1176.
4. William C. Lloyd III, Healthgrades Editorial Staff. Matabolic Disorder.MD, FACS [Internet]. 2010 Nov 10 [cited 2021 Jan 24]. Available from:
https://www.healthgrades.com/right-care/endocrinology-and-metabolism/metabolic-disorders
5. Kumar VMD, Khanna P, Karoli R, Mahdi F. A review of antioxidant enzymes, oxidative stress, lipid profile and lipoprotein constituent in the patients of coronary artery disease (CAD) with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Int J Bioassay. 2015; 4 (10): 4443-7.
6. Whiting DR, Guariguata L, Weil C, Shaw J. IDF Diabetes Atlas: Global estimates of the prevalence of diabetes for 2011 and 2030. Diabetes Res ClinPract. 2011; 94: 311-21.
7. Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research. [Internet]. 1998-2021 [cited 2021 Jan 24]. Available from:
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/metabolic-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20351916
8. Sharma R, Prajapati PK. Diet and lifestyle guidelines for diabetes: Evidence based ayurvedic perspective. Romanian Journal of Diabetes Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases. 2014;21(4):335-46.
9. Sharma R, Prajapati PK. Predictive, Preventive and Personalized Medicine: Leads From Ayurvedic Concept of Prakriti (Human Constitution). CurrPharmacol Rep. 2020; 6:441-450.
10. Sharma R, Garg N, Verma D, Rathi P, Sharma V, Kuca K, Prajapati PK et al. Indian medicinal plants as drug leads in neurodegenerative disorders. In Nutraceuticals in Brain Health and Beyond. Academic Press. p. 31-45.
https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-820593-8.00004-5.
11. Kotthahil Ayurveda [Internet]. 2021; Hospital.com [cited 2021 Jan 26]. Available from:
https://www.kottathilayurveda.com/specialities/general-clinic/metabolic-disorders/
12. Sharma R, Kabra A, Rao MM, Prajapati PK. Herbal and Holistic solutions for Neurodegenerative and Depressive disorders: Leads from Ayurveda. Curr. Pharm. Des. 2018; 27(3): 2597-2608.
13. Sharma R, Kuca K, Nepovimova E, Kabra A, Rao MM, Prajapati PK. Traditional Ayurvedic and herbal remedies for Alzheimer's disease from bench to bedside. Expert Rev. Neurother. 2019; 19:359-374.
14. Sharma R, Martins N. Telomeres, DNA damage and ageing: potential leads from AyurvedicRasayana (anti-ageing) drugs. J Clin Med. 2020; 9(8):2544.
15. Acharya YT. Siddha Yoga Sangraha. Jwaradhikara. 13th ed. Nagpur: Baidyanath Ayurveda Bhavan Ltd; 2008. p. 459.
16. Acharya YT. Sushruta Samhita, Chikitsa Sthana. Reprint ed. Ch. 12, Verse 6. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Krishanadas Academy; 2004.p. 459.
17. Tripathi I, editor. Chakradatta of Chakrapani Datta. Prameha Chikitsa. Ch. 35, Ver. 25, Reprint edition. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Sanskrit Sansthana; 1997.p. 217.
18. Chunekar KC, Pandey GS. Guduchyadi Varga. Bhavaprakash Nighantu. Varanasi: Chaukhamba Bharati Academy; 2006.p. 269.
19. Shastri P, editor. Sharangadhara Samhita of Sharangadhara. Madhyam Khanda. Ch. 1, Ver. 7, 7 ed. Varanasi: Chaukhamba Orientalia Prakashan; 2008.p.126.
20. Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Part 1, Vol 1. 1st ed. New Delhi: Govt. of India, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare; 2001.p.53.
21. Tambekar DH, Khante BS, Chandak BR, Titare AS, Boralkar SS, Aghadte SN. Screening of antibacterial potentials of some medicinal plants from Melghat forest in India. Afr J Tradit Complement Altern Med. 2009; 6(3): 228-232.
22. Sharma R., Hetal A., Prajapati PK. Antidiabetic claims of Tinospora Cordifolia (Willd.) Miers: critical appraisal and role in therapy. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine. 2015; 5(1): 68-78.
23. Sharma R, Amin H. Rasayana Therapy: Ayurvedic contribution to improve quality of life. World J. Pharmacol. Res. Tech. 2015; 4:23-33.
24. Sharma R, Martins N, Kuca K, Chaudhary A, Kabra A, Rao MM, Prajapati PK et al. Chyawanprash A Traditional Indian Bioactive Health Supplement. Biomolecules. 2019;13(6): 161.
25. Sharma R, Harisha CR, Galib R, Patgiri BJ, Prajapati PK. Quantitative estimation of Satva extracted from different stem sizes of Guduchi (Tinospora Cordifolia (Willd.) Miers. J Pharm SciInnov. 2012; 1(1):38-40.
26. Sharma R, Prajapati PK. Liquid media’s in BhavanaSamskara: A pharmaceutico-therapeutic prospect. J Phytopharm. 2015; 4:49-57.
27. Sharma R, Galib R, Prajapati PK. Validation of standard manufacturing procedure of Guduchi Ghana [dried aqueous extract of Tinospora Cordifolia (Willd.) Miers] and its tablets. Ayurpharm. Int J Ayurveda Allied Sci. 2013; 2:224-32.
28. Sharma R, Amin H, Galib, Prajapati PK. Validation of standard manufacturing procedure of Guducisattva (aqueous extract of Tinospora Cordifolia (Willd) Miers) and its tablets. AncSci Life. 2013; 33:27-34.
29. Sharma R, Hazra J, Prajapati PK. Nanophytomedicines: A Novel Approach to Improve Drug Delivery and Pharmacokinetics of Herbal Medicine. Bio Bull. 2017; 3(1):132-5.
30. Prajapat R, Sharma R, Prajapati PK. Physico-chemical evaluation of guduchyadikwatha for instant use: An ayurvedic herbal formulation. Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International. 2014; 2599-613.
31. Sharma R, Galib R, Prajapati PK. Antimicrobial evaluation of Svarasa Bhavita Guduchi Churna (levigated powder of Tinospora Cordifolia (Willd.) Miers with its juice). Ayurscientifica. 2017; 1(1):25-30.
32. Grover JK, Vats V, Rathi SS. Anti-hyperglycemic effect of Eugenia jambolana and Tinospora Cordifolia in experimental diabetes and their effects on key metabolic enzymes involved in carbohydrate metabolism. J Ethnopharmacol. 2000; 73(3):461-470.
33. Stanely P, Prince M, Menon VP. Hypoglycaemic and other related actions of Tinospora Cordifolia roots in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. J Ethnopharmacol. 2000; 70(1):9-15.
34. Rathi SS, Grover JK, Vikrant V, Biswas NR. Prevention of experimental diabetic cataract by Indian Ayurvedic plant extracts. Phytother Res. 2002; 16(8):774-777.
35. Sivakumar V., Dhana RM.S. Hypoglycemic and Antioxidant Activity of Tinospora Cordifolia in Experimental Diabetes. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research. 2011; 2(3):608-613.
36. Kinkar SB, Gopal PK. Antidibetic activity of Tinospora Cordifolia (Fam: Menispermaceae) in alloxen treated albino rat. Applied Research Journal. 2015;1(5):316-319.
37. Joladarashi D., Chilkunda ND, &Salimath PV. Glucose uptake stimulatory activity of Tinospora Cordifolia stem extracts in Ehrlich ascites tumor cell model system. Journal of Food Science and Technology. 2014; 51(1),178-182.
38. Prince PSM, Kamalakkannan N, Menon VP. Restoration of antioxidants by ethanolic Tinospora cordifolia in alloxan-induced diabetic Wistar rats. Acta Pol Pharm. 2004;61:283-287.
39. Dhulia I, Parcha V, Pant G, Kumar D, Maithani A. Antihyperglycemic effect of methanolic extract of Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) stem on experimentally induced diabetic rats. J Pharm Res. 2011; 4(8):2828- 2830.
40. Rajalakshmi M, Eliza J, EdelPC, Nirmala A, Daisy P. Anti-diabetic properties of Tinospora cordifolia stem extracts on streptozotocin- induced diabetic rats. African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 2009 May; 3(5):171-180.
41. Klangjareonchai T, Roongpisuthipong C. The Effect of Tinospora crispa on Serum Glucose and Insulin Levels in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology Volume 2012, Article ID 808762, 4 pages.
42. Patel MB, Mishra S. Hypoglycemic activity of alkaloidal fraction of Tinospora cordifolia. Phytomedicine. 2011;18:1045-1052.
43. Sangeetha MK, Balaji Raghavendran HR, Gayathri V, Vasanthi HR. Tinospora cordifolia attenuates oxidative stress and distorted carbohydrate metabolism in experimentally induced type 2 diabetes in rats. J Nat Med. 2011;65:544-550.
44. Sivakumar V, Mohamed SA. Hypoglycemic activity of Tinospora cordifolia in Alloxan induced diabetic rats. The Bioscan. 2009;4:75-78.
45. Reddy SS, Ramatholisamma P, Karuna R, Saralakumari D. Preventive effect of Tinosporacordifolia against high-fructose dietinduced insulin resistance and oxidative stress in male Wistar rats. Food ChemToxicol. 2009;47(9):2224-29.
46. Wadood N, Wadood A, Shah SA. Effect of Tinospora cordifolia on blood glucose and total lipid levels of normal and alloxan-diabetic rabbits. Planta Med. 1992;58(2):131-136.
47. Sengupta S, Mukherjee A, Goswami R, Basu S. Hypoglycemic activity of the antioxidant saponarin, characterized as alphaglucosidase inhibitor present in Tinospora cordifolia. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem. 2009;24:684-690.
48. Grover JK, Rathi SS, Vats V. Amelioration of experimental diabetic neuropathy and gastropathy in rats following oral administration of plants (Eugenia jambolana, Mucurnapruriens and Tinospora cordifolia) extracts. Indian J ExpBiol. 2002;40:273-276.
49. Grover JK, Vats V, Rathi SS, Dawar R. Traditional Indian anti-diabetic plants attenuate progression of renal damage in streptozotocin induced diabetic mice. J Ethnopharmacol. 2001;76:233-238.
50. Raghunathan K, Sharma PV. The aqueous extract of T. cordifolia caused reduction of blood sugar in alloxan induced hyperglycemic rats and rabbits. J Res Ind Med. 1969; 3:203-209.
51. Pingali U, Kishore KK, Fatima N, Chandrasekhar N, Sravanthi IV. Evaluation of Cardiovascular and Pharmacodynamic Effects of Single and Multiple Doses of Aqueous and HydroAlcoholic Extracts of Tinospora cordifolia in Healthy Human Male Subjects. American Journal of Phytomedicine and Clinical Therapeutics.
52. Salve Bharat A, Tripathi RK, Petare AU, Raut AK, Rege NN. Effect of Tinospora cordifolia on physical and cardiovascular performance induced by physical stress in healthy human volunteers. Ayu. 2015 Jul-Sep;36(3):265-70.
53. Rao PR, Kumar VK, Viswanath RK, Subbaraju GV. Cardioprotective activity of alcoholic extract of Tinospora cordifolia in ischemia reperfusion induced myocardial infarction in rats. Biol Pharm Bull. 2005;28:2319-2322.
54. Mandar, B.K., Khanal, P., Patil, B.M. et al. In silico analysis of phytoconstituents from Tinospora cordifolia with targets related to diabetes and obesity. In Silico Pharmacol. 2021;9:3
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40203-020-00063-w
55. Nagaraja PK, Kammar KF, Sheela DR. Efficacy of Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) extracts on blood lipid profile in streptozotocin diabetic rats. Is it beneficial to the heart? Biomed Res. 2008;19:92-96.
56. Sparshadeep EM, NayakRP, Kavana GV, RaiM. Evaluation of hypolipidemic effect of Tinospora cordifolia in cholesterol diet induced hyperlipidemia in rats. International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology. 2016 Aug; 5(4):1286-92.
57. Kumar V, Mahdi F, Singh R, Mahdi AA, Singh RK. A clinical trial to assess the antidiabetic, antidyslipidemic and antioxidant activities of Tinospora cordifolia in management of type - 2 diabetes mellitus. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research. 2016;7(2):757-64.
58. Shirolkar A, Yadav A, Mandal TK, Dabur R. Intervention of Ayurvedic drug Tinospora cordifolia attenuates the metabolic alterations in hypertriglyceridemia: a pilot clinical trial. Journal of Diabetes and metabolic disorders; 2020.
59. Tripathi N, Choudhary A. Magical effects of Tinospora cordifolia leaf powder supplementation on erythrocyte count and haemoglobin levels of anemic obese women. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research. 3(2):2585-89.
60. Sharma M, Murthy AR, Rath SK, Sharma U. Clinical study on Guduchi (Tinospora cordifolia willd.) And Mustak (Cyperus Rotunduslinn.) in sthoulyawith special reference to overweight. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Scientific Innovation. 2019; 8(6).
61. Noor H, Hammonds P, Sutton R, Ashcroft SJ. The hypoglycaemic and insulinotropic activity of Tinosporacrispa: studies with human and rat islets and HIT-T15 B cells. J Ethnopharmacol.1998 Aug;62(1):7-13.
62. Noor H, Ashcroft SJ. Pharmacological characterisation of the antihyperglycaemic properties of Tinospora crispa extract. J Ethnopharmacol. 1998;62(1):7-13.
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Devi, P. “Role of Tinospora Cordifolia in Metabolic Health Disorders: An Updated Review”. Himalayan Journal of Health Sciences, Vol. 6, no. 1, Mar. 2021, pp. 15-23, doi:10.22270/hjhs.v6i1.91.
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